Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to repair a perforated tympanic membrane (eardrum) and, when necessary, reconstruct middle ear structures to restore hearing. A healthy eardrum is essential for sound transmission and protection of the middle ear from infection. Persistent perforations can lead to recurrent infections, hearing loss, and reduced quality of life.

The most common causes of eardrum perforation include chronic otitis media, trauma, sudden pressure changes, or previous ear surgery. While some small perforations may heal spontaneously, long-standing or large perforations usually require surgical repair.

Indications for tympanoplasty include chronic ear discharge, conductive hearing loss, recurrent infections, and inability to safely expose the ear to water. The procedure aims to close the perforation, eradicate disease, and improve hearing function.

Tympanoplasty is performed under general or local anesthesia depending on case complexity. The surgeon uses tissue grafts, often harvested from the patient’s own temporalis fascia or cartilage, to reconstruct the eardrum. In cases with ossicular damage, hearing bones may also be repaired or reconstructed.

Postoperative recovery involves ear protection, avoidance of water entry, and follow-up hearing assessments. Hearing improvement is gradual and becomes more evident as healing progresses. Successful tympanoplasty significantly reduces infection risk and improves long-term hearing outcomes.