Pterygium excision is a surgical procedure performed to remove a pterygium, a benign fibrovascular growth of the conjunctiva that extends onto the cornea. Although non-cancerous, pterygium can cause significant discomfort, cosmetic concerns, and visual impairment when it progresses toward the central cornea. Surgical removal is indicated when the growth threatens vision, causes persistent irritation, or recurs despite conservative management.

Pterygium develops due to chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation, wind, dust, and dry environments. It is commonly seen in individuals who spend extended time outdoors, particularly in sunny climates. Early-stage pterygium may remain stable, but active lesions can enlarge over time, inducing astigmatism and obscuring the visual axis.

Pterygium excision is typically performed under local anesthesia as a day-care procedure. Modern surgical techniques emphasize complete removal of abnormal tissue followed by conjunctival autografting, where healthy tissue from another part of the eye is used to cover the exposed area. This approach significantly reduces recurrence rates compared to older bare sclera techniques. In some cases, tissue adhesives are used instead of sutures to improve comfort and healing.

Postoperative care involves the use of antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye drops to promote healing and reduce inflammation. Patients are advised to avoid dust, excessive sunlight, and eye rubbing during recovery. Visual improvement may be noticed once inflammation subsides and corneal shape stabilizes.

Recurrence remains the main concern following pterygium surgery, particularly in younger patients or those with continued UV exposure. Long-term preventive strategies such as UV-protective eyewear and regular eye check-ups are essential.

Pterygium excision not only restores ocular comfort and appearance but also protects vision when performed at the appropriate stage. With modern surgical techniques and proper postoperative care, outcomes are excellent and recurrence rates are low.