Glaucoma laser and surgical treatments are essential interventions for controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients where medical therapy alone is insufficient or poorly tolerated. The primary goal of glaucoma management is to prevent progressive optic nerve damage and irreversible vision loss by maintaining eye pressure within a safe range for each individual patient. Laser and surgical options are tailored based on glaucoma type, severity, and response to previous treatments.

Laser treatments are often used as first-line or adjunctive therapy in glaucoma management. Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) is commonly employed in open-angle glaucoma and works by improving aqueous fluid outflow through the trabecular meshwork. SLT is minimally invasive, repeatable, and does not damage surrounding tissue. Laser Peripheral Iridotomy (LPI) is used in angle-closure glaucoma to create a small opening in the iris, allowing fluid to flow freely and preventing sudden pressure spikes.

When glaucoma progresses despite medications and laser therapy, surgical intervention becomes necessary. Traditional glaucoma surgery such as trabeculectomy creates a new drainage pathway for aqueous humor, lowering eye pressure effectively. While highly effective, it requires careful postoperative monitoring to manage healing and prevent complications. Tube shunt surgeries involve implanting drainage devices that divert fluid to an external reservoir, commonly used in complex or refractory cases.

Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) has transformed glaucoma care by offering safer surgical options with faster recovery and fewer complications. MIGS procedures are often combined with cataract surgery and are ideal for patients with mild to moderate glaucoma. These procedures improve fluid outflow while preserving the eye’s natural anatomy.

Glaucoma surgery is not a cure but a long-term pressure-control strategy. Lifelong follow-up is essential, as eye pressure may change over time and additional treatment may be required. Early surgical intervention in appropriate patients can significantly slow disease progression and preserve functional vision.

By offering a full spectrum of laser and surgical glaucoma treatments, ophthalmology services can provide individualized, stage-appropriate care that protects vision and enhances long-term outcomes.