Splenectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove the spleen, an organ located in the upper left abdomen that plays an important role in immune function and blood cell regulation. While the spleen contributes to infection defense and filtration of blood cells, certain medical conditions necessitate its removal to protect overall health or prevent serious complications. Splenectomy is a well-established procedure with clearly defined indications and excellent outcomes when appropriately performed.

Conditions requiring splenectomy include traumatic splenic injury, blood disorders such as immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), hereditary spherocytosis, hemolytic anemia, splenic tumors or cysts, and hypersplenism causing low blood cell counts. The spleen may also be removed as part of oncological surgery or when significantly enlarged and at risk of rupture.

Patients requiring splenectomy may present with abdominal pain, anemia, recurrent infections, low platelet counts, or internal bleeding following trauma. Diagnosis involves clinical evaluation, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans to assess spleen size, structure, and injury.

Splenectomy may be performed electively or as an emergency procedure, depending on the indication. Whenever feasible, minimally invasive laparoscopic splenectomy is preferred due to smaller incisions, reduced pain, faster recovery, and lower complication rates. Open splenectomy is reserved for emergency trauma cases, massive splenomegaly, or complex anatomy.

The procedure is performed under general anesthesia with careful control of splenic blood vessels to minimize bleeding. Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have significantly improved the safety profile of splenectomy.

Postoperative care includes monitoring for bleeding, infection, and pain. Because removal of the spleen increases susceptibility to certain infections, patients receive vaccinations and long-term preventive guidance. Education on recognizing early signs of infection is an essential part of postoperative management.

Most patients recover well after splenectomy and experience resolution of symptoms related to their underlying condition. With appropriate preventive care and follow-up, individuals can lead healthy lives without a spleen. Splenectomy remains a vital surgical option when benefits outweigh risks and conservative management is insufficient.