Liver surgery, including hepatectomy and liver resection, refers to surgical removal of a portion of the liver to treat a range of benign and malignant liver conditions. The liver is a vital organ responsible for metabolism, detoxification, bile production, and regulation of blood chemistry. Due to its complex vascular anatomy and regenerative capacity, liver surgery requires specialized expertise and careful patient selection to ensure safety and optimal outcomes.

Liver surgery is commonly indicated for primary liver cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma, secondary liver metastases from colorectal or other cancers, benign tumors such as adenomas or hemangiomas, liver cysts, bile duct tumors, and traumatic liver injuries. In many cancer cases, surgical removal of liver tumors offers the best chance for cure or long-term disease control when disease is localized and liver function is preserved.

Hepatectomy may be partial, involving removal of a specific liver segment or lobe, or extended, depending on tumor size, location, and number. Surgeons aim to remove all diseased tissue while preserving sufficient healthy liver to maintain function. The liver’s remarkable ability to regenerate allows for safe removal of significant portions in appropriately selected patients.

Preoperative evaluation includes detailed imaging such as CT scans, MRI, and sometimes PET scans to map liver anatomy and tumor involvement. Blood tests assess liver function, clotting status, and overall fitness for surgery. Multidisciplinary planning with hepatologists, oncologists, radiologists, and anesthesiologists is essential to determine surgical feasibility and minimize risk.

Liver surgery is performed under general anesthesia in specialized hepatobiliary surgical units. Advances in technique, including intraoperative ultrasound, vascular control methods, and minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic approaches, have improved precision and reduced blood loss. Minimally invasive liver surgery may be suitable for selected patients with smaller or peripherally located tumors.

Postoperative care focuses on monitoring liver function, managing pain, preventing infection, and supporting recovery. Patients are closely observed for signs of bleeding, bile leaks, or liver insufficiency. Recovery time varies depending on the extent of surgery, but most patients experience gradual improvement and return to daily activities with appropriate follow-up.

Liver surgery plays a central role in the management of complex liver diseases and liver cancers. When performed by experienced GI and hepatobiliary surgeons, it offers excellent clinical outcomes, improved survival, and meaningful improvement in quality of life.