Voice disorders encompass a wide range of conditions that affect the quality, strength, pitch, or endurance of the voice. The human voice is produced by coordinated interaction between the lungs, vocal cords, and resonance structures of the throat and mouth. Any disruption in this complex system can result in voice abnormalities, which may significantly affect communication, professional performance, and emotional well-being.

Voice disorders may be functional, structural, neurological, or inflammatory in origin. Functional voice disorders occur due to improper voice use or excessive strain without visible structural damage, commonly seen in teachers, singers, call center professionals, and public speakers. Structural causes include vocal cord nodules, polyps, cysts, scarring, or tumors. Inflammatory conditions such as laryngitis lead to temporary voice changes, while neurological disorders such as vocal cord paralysis cause persistent hoarseness or breathy voice.

Common symptoms include hoarseness, rough or raspy voice, voice fatigue, reduced vocal range, voice breaks, pain or discomfort while speaking, and complete loss of voice in severe cases. Patients may also experience throat clearing, coughing, or a sensation of a lump in the throat. Chronic voice problems lasting more than two to three weeks warrant prompt ENT evaluation, especially in individuals with risk factors such as smoking or occupational voice use.

Diagnosis requires detailed voice history and specialized laryngeal examination. Laryngoscopy or videostroboscopy allows visualization of vocal cord movement, vibration, and structural abnormalities. Voice assessment may also include acoustic analysis and collaboration with speech-language therapists to evaluate functional aspects of voice production.

Management depends on the underlying cause. Functional voice disorders are often treated with voice therapy focused on proper vocal technique, breath control, and vocal hygiene. Medical treatment addresses inflammation, reflux, or infection when present. Structural lesions may require microlaryngeal surgery, while neurological voice disorders may involve injections, rehabilitation, or multidisciplinary management.

Untreated voice disorders can lead to permanent vocal damage, psychological stress, and professional limitations. Early ENT-led evaluation and individualized treatment plans help restore voice quality, prevent recurrence, and protect long-term vocal health.