Uveitis is an inflammatory condition affecting the uvea, the middle layer of the eye that includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This structure plays a vital role in supplying blood and nutrients to the eye. Uveitis can affect one or both eyes and may occur suddenly or develop gradually. It is a potentially serious condition that can lead to permanent vision loss if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Uveitis is classified based on the part of the eye involved: anterior uveitis affects the iris, intermediate uveitis involves the vitreous, posterior uveitis affects the retina and choroid, and panuveitis involves all layers. The condition may be caused by autoimmune disorders, systemic inflammatory diseases, infections, trauma, or may be idiopathic with no identifiable cause. Conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, herpes infections, and inflammatory bowel disease are commonly associated with uveitis.

Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity but may include eye redness, pain, light sensitivity, blurred vision, floaters, and reduced visual acuity. Anterior uveitis often presents with sudden pain and redness, while posterior uveitis may cause painless vision loss and floaters, making it harder to detect early.

Diagnosis requires a detailed eye examination using slit-lamp microscopy and dilated retinal evaluation. Additional investigations such as blood tests, imaging, and referral to other specialists may be necessary to identify underlying systemic causes. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography are valuable tools for assessing retinal involvement and complications.

Treatment aims to control inflammation, relieve pain, and prevent complications. Corticosteroid eye drops, injections, or oral medications are commonly used depending on severity. Immunosuppressive agents or biologic therapies may be required in chronic or recurrent cases. Treating the underlying systemic condition is essential for long-term control.

Uveitis requires close monitoring due to the risk of complications such as glaucoma, cataract, macular edema, and retinal damage. With early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and coordinated care, most patients can achieve good visual outcomes and long-term disease control.