Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus and represent one of the most common gynecological conditions affecting women of reproductive age. Although non-cancerous, fibroids can significantly impact quality of life depending on their size, number, and location within the uterus. Many women may have fibroids without symptoms, while others experience substantial gynecologic and reproductive complications.

Fibroids develop from the muscular wall of the uterus and are influenced by hormonal factors, particularly estrogen and progesterone. They may be located within the uterine wall, protrude into the uterine cavity, or project outward from the uterine surface. The clinical presentation varies widely and may include heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, abdominal distension, urinary frequency, constipation, and infertility.

Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common symptoms associated with fibroids and can lead to iron-deficiency anemia, fatigue, and reduced daily functioning. Large fibroids may distort the uterine cavity, interfere with implantation, or increase the risk of pregnancy complications. Pressure symptoms occur when fibroids compress adjacent organs such as the bladder or bowel.

Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation and imaging studies, most commonly pelvic ultrasound. Additional imaging may be required to define fibroid characteristics or assess impact on surrounding structures. Management decisions are guided by symptom severity, fibroid characteristics, patient age, reproductive plans, and overall health.

Treatment options range from observation in asymptomatic cases to medical or surgical intervention for symptomatic fibroids. Medical management aims to control bleeding and reduce symptoms, while surgical approaches may be considered when symptoms are severe, persistent, or fertility is affected. Treatment selection emphasizes symptom relief, uterine preservation when desired, and long-term quality of life.

Uterine fibroids are a chronic condition that may change over time. Regular monitoring and individualized care allow effective symptom control and timely intervention, ensuring optimal reproductive and gynecologic outcomes.