Tooth fractures and chips are common dental injuries that occur when excessive force is applied to a tooth, either through trauma, biting on hard objects, accidents, sports injuries, or underlying structural weakness. The severity of a fracture can range from minor enamel chipping to deep cracks involving the dentin and pulp, significantly affecting dental function, comfort, and aesthetics.

Minor enamel chips may appear harmless but can create rough edges that irritate the tongue and cheeks or compromise the appearance of the smile. More extensive fractures often expose the dentin layer, resulting in sensitivity to temperature and pressure. When fractures extend into the pulp, patients may experience severe pain, inflammation, or infection. In advanced cases, untreated fractures can allow bacteria to enter the tooth, leading to abscess formation and further structural damage.

Fractured teeth may also weaken over time. Repeated chewing forces can cause small cracks to propagate, eventually splitting the tooth. Certain risk factors increase susceptibility to fractures, including teeth grinding, large fillings, weakened enamel, untreated decay, and age-related changes in tooth structure. Teeth that have undergone root canal treatment may also be more prone to fracture if not adequately protected with crowns.

Diagnosis involves careful clinical examination and dental imaging to assess the extent of the fracture and determine whether the pulp or root is involved. Early diagnosis is critical, as prompt treatment can prevent infection and preserve the tooth. Delayed treatment often results in more complex and costly interventions.

Treatment depends on the severity of the fracture. Minor chips can often be repaired with dental bonding or smoothing. Moderate fractures typically require crowns to restore strength and protect the remaining tooth structure. Fractures involving the pulp usually require root canal therapy followed by crown placement. Teeth with vertical root fractures often cannot be saved and may need extraction.

Timely management restores function, relieves pain, and maintains aesthetics. Preventive measures such as wearing mouthguards during sports and addressing habits like bruxism significantly reduce the risk of future fractures.