Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an external source and is commonly described as ringing, buzzing, hissing, or whistling in the ears. It can be intermittent or continuous and may affect one or both ears. Tinnitus is a symptom rather than a disease and often indicates an underlying issue within the auditory system.

The condition is frequently associated with hearing loss, particularly sensorineural hearing loss caused by aging or noise exposure. Other causes include ear infections, ear wax impaction, ototoxic medications, head or neck injuries, temporomandibular joint disorders, and circulatory abnormalities. Psychological factors such as stress and anxiety can exacerbate symptoms.

Patients with tinnitus may experience difficulty concentrating, sleep disturbances, irritability, and emotional distress. Although tinnitus is not life-threatening, its impact on mental health and daily functioning can be significant.

Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, ENT examination, and hearing assessment. Imaging studies may be required if tinnitus is unilateral, pulsatile, or associated with neurological symptoms.

Management focuses on treating the underlying cause when identifiable. Hearing aids can reduce tinnitus perception in patients with hearing loss. Sound therapy, tinnitus retraining therapy, counseling, and stress management techniques are commonly used to help patients cope with symptoms. A multidisciplinary approach often provides the best outcomes.