Thyroid and neck lumps are a common reason for ENT consultation and can arise from a wide range of causes, ranging from benign inflammatory conditions to malignancies. A neck lump refers to any abnormal swelling in the neck region and may originate from the thyroid gland, lymph nodes, salivary glands, congenital remnants, or soft tissues. While many neck lumps are harmless, timely evaluation is essential to rule out serious underlying pathology.

Thyroid-related lumps are often caused by thyroid nodules, which are localized growths within the thyroid gland. These nodules may be solid or cystic and are frequently discovered incidentally. Other causes of neck lumps include reactive lymphadenopathy due to infection, chronic inflammatory conditions, tuberculosis, salivary gland enlargement, congenital cysts such as thyroglossal duct cysts, and tumors of the head and neck region.

Symptoms vary depending on the cause. Many thyroid nodules are painless and asymptomatic, while others may cause visible neck swelling, discomfort, difficulty swallowing, breathing issues, or voice changes due to pressure on adjacent structures. Neck lumps associated with infection are often tender and accompanied by fever or recent illness. Painless, persistent lumps in adults raise concern and require urgent evaluation.

ENT assessment begins with a detailed history and physical examination, focusing on lump size, consistency, mobility, tenderness, and duration. Examination of the throat, voice, and swallowing function is critical. Ultrasound imaging is the primary diagnostic tool for thyroid and neck lumps, providing detailed information about size, structure, and suspicious features. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is often performed to obtain tissue samples for cytological analysis when malignancy is suspected.

Management depends on the diagnosis. Benign inflammatory conditions may resolve with medical treatment or observation. Thyroid nodules with suspicious features may require surgical removal. Early diagnosis of malignant conditions significantly improves treatment outcomes and survival rates.

ENT-led evaluation ensures accurate diagnosis, appropriate investigation, and timely referral for definitive management when required.