Squint, medically termed strabismus, is a condition in which the eyes are misaligned and do not point in the same direction simultaneously. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other eye focuses normally. Strabismus can be constant or intermittent and may affect one or both eyes. It commonly begins in childhood but can also develop in adults due to neurological, muscular, or visual causes.

Normal binocular vision requires precise coordination of the eye muscles and accurate visual input from both eyes. In strabismus, this coordination is disrupted, leading to misalignment and impaired depth perception. In children, the brain may suppress visual input from the deviating eye to avoid double vision, which can result in amblyopia if left untreated.

Causes of strabismus include refractive errors, muscle imbalance, nerve abnormalities, genetic factors, prematurity, trauma, and systemic conditions such as thyroid disease or diabetes. In adults, strabismus may arise from stroke, head injury, tumors, or decompensation of a childhood squint.

Symptoms vary by age and severity. Children may show visible eye misalignment, squinting, head tilting, or closing one eye. Adults often experience double vision, eye strain, headaches, and difficulty with depth perception. Social and psychological impacts are also significant, especially in visible cases.

Diagnosis involves a detailed eye examination assessing eye alignment, movement, visual acuity, and binocular function. Early diagnosis is particularly important in children to ensure proper visual development.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and age of the patient. Options include corrective glasses, prism lenses, vision therapy, and surgical realignment of the eye muscles. Strabismus surgery aims to restore proper alignment, improve binocular vision, and enhance cosmetic appearance. In children, early intervention offers the best outcomes.

Strabismus is a treatable condition, and timely management can significantly improve vision, confidence, and quality of life at any age.