Retinal detachment is a serious and sight-threatening condition that occurs when the retina separates from the underlying tissue that supplies it with oxygen and nutrients. The retina is essential for vision, as it converts light into neural signals sent to the brain. When it detaches, these cells rapidly lose function, and permanent vision loss can occur if treatment is delayed.

There are several types of retinal detachment. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, the most common type, occurs due to a tear or hole in the retina that allows fluid to pass underneath. Tractional retinal detachment is caused by scar tissue pulling the retina away, often seen in advanced diabetic eye disease. Exudative retinal detachment results from fluid accumulation beneath the retina without a tear, typically due to inflammation or tumors.

Risk factors include high myopia, previous eye surgery such as cataract removal, eye trauma, retinal tears, family history of retinal detachment, and conditions like diabetic retinopathy. Retinal detachment may occur suddenly or progress over time.

Symptoms often begin with warning signs such as sudden onset of floaters, flashes of light, or a shadow or curtain appearing in the peripheral vision. As detachment progresses, central vision may be affected. Retinal detachment is painless but requires immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis is made through a detailed dilated retinal examination, often supplemented by ultrasound imaging if the view is obstructed. Prompt identification of the type and extent of detachment is crucial for planning treatment.

Treatment typically involves surgical repair, which may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, pneumatic retinopexy, scleral buckle surgery, or vitrectomy. The choice of procedure depends on the location, size, and complexity of the detachment. Early intervention offers the best chance of visual recovery, though final vision depends on whether the macula was involved and the duration of detachment.

Retinal detachment is a true ophthalmic emergency. Awareness of early symptoms and rapid access to specialized eye care can be sight-saving.