Pterygium is a benign growth of fibrovascular tissue that develops on the conjunctiva and extends onto the cornea, typically from the nasal side of the eye. It is commonly referred to as “surfer’s eye” due to its strong association with prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, wind, dust, and dry environmental conditions. Pterygium is particularly prevalent in individuals living in sunny, arid climates and those who spend extended periods outdoors.

The condition develops gradually and may affect one or both eyes. While small pterygia may remain stable and asymptomatic, larger growths can progress toward the center of the cornea and interfere with vision. Chronic irritation and inflammation play a significant role in the development and progression of pterygium.

Symptoms depend on the size and activity of the lesion. Early-stage pterygium may cause redness, dryness, burning, and a gritty sensation in the eye. As it enlarges, patients may experience persistent irritation, cosmetic concerns, and blurred vision due to induced astigmatism or obstruction of the visual axis. Recurrent inflammation can lead to discomfort and reduced tolerance to bright light.

Diagnosis is made through a clinical eye examination, where the characteristic triangular growth is easily identified. Assessment includes evaluation of the extent of corneal involvement, associated astigmatism, and degree of inflammation. Regular monitoring is important to detect progression.

Management depends on symptom severity and lesion progression. Mild cases are managed conservatively with lubricating eye drops, anti-inflammatory medications, and protective measures such as UV-blocking sunglasses. Surgical removal is recommended when pterygium threatens vision, causes significant discomfort, restricts eye movement, or leads to cosmetic concerns. Modern surgical techniques focus on complete excision with conjunctival grafting to reduce recurrence rates.

Although pterygium is benign, recurrence after surgery can occur, particularly if preventive measures are not followed. Long-term management includes UV protection and regular eye check-ups. With appropriate care, patients can achieve symptom relief and preserve visual quality.