Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders affecting women of reproductive age and a leading cause of ovulatory infertility. It is a complex endocrine condition characterized by hormonal imbalance, irregular menstrual cycles, and metabolic disturbances. PCOS presents with wide clinical variability, making accurate diagnosis and individualized management essential.

The condition is driven by disrupted ovarian function and excess androgen production, leading to irregular or absent ovulation. Women with PCOS may experience irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, weight gain, and difficulty conceiving. Beyond reproductive symptoms, PCOS is strongly associated with insulin resistance, increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and long-term metabolic complications.

Diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical features, hormonal evaluation, and imaging findings. Menstrual irregularity reflects ovulatory dysfunction, while laboratory tests assess androgen levels and exclude other endocrine disorders. Ultrasound may reveal enlarged ovaries with multiple small follicles, although imaging findings alone are not sufficient for diagnosis.

PCOS management focuses on addressing the patient’s primary concerns, whether menstrual regulation, fertility, metabolic health, or symptom control. Ovulation induction may be required for women attempting conception, while menstrual regulation helps reduce the risk of endometrial hyperplasia associated with prolonged anovulation.

Lifestyle modification plays a central role, as even modest weight reduction can significantly improve hormonal balance and ovulatory function. Medical management may include hormonal therapy, insulin-sensitizing agents, or targeted fertility treatments depending on clinical goals.

PCOS is a lifelong condition that requires long-term monitoring beyond reproductive years. Early diagnosis and structured management reduce the risk of infertility, metabolic disease, and endometrial complications. With appropriate care, most women with PCOS can achieve good reproductive and overall health outcomes.