Peripheral neuropathy refers to a diverse group of disorders resulting from damage to peripheral nerves, affecting sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve fibers. The condition may involve a single nerve, multiple nerves, or a diffuse symmetrical pattern and can arise from metabolic, toxic, inflammatory, infectious, hereditary, or autoimmune causes. Peripheral neuropathy is a common neurological condition with wide-ranging clinical manifestations.

Symptoms depend on the type of nerve fibers involved. Sensory neuropathy typically presents with numbness, tingling, burning pain, or loss of sensation in a length-dependent pattern. Motor neuropathy may cause muscle weakness, cramps, and atrophy, while autonomic neuropathy can lead to orthostatic hypotension, gastrointestinal dysfunction, bladder disturbances, and abnormal sweating. Symptoms often progress gradually and may significantly impair daily functioning.

Neurological evaluation of peripheral neuropathy requires a systematic approach. Detailed history-taking focuses on symptom onset, progression, distribution, and associated systemic conditions. Clinical examination assesses sensory modalities, motor strength, reflexes, and autonomic function. Electrophysiological studies play a key role in confirming diagnosis, characterizing neuropathy type, and determining severity.

Identifying the underlying cause is central to effective management. Common etiologies include diabetes mellitus, vitamin deficiencies, chronic alcohol use, medication toxicity, autoimmune disorders, infections, and inherited neuropathies. In some cases, neuropathy remains idiopathic despite extensive evaluation.

Management of peripheral neuropathy focuses on treating the underlying cause where possible, preventing progression, and relieving symptoms. Neuropathic pain requires targeted pharmacological therapy distinct from conventional analgesics. Early intervention improves symptom control and functional outcomes.

Long-term management often involves ongoing neurological monitoring, medication adjustment, and supportive care. Patient education regarding foot care, fall prevention, and lifestyle modification is essential, particularly in sensory neuropathy.

Peripheral neuropathy represents a chronic neurological condition requiring individualized, evidence-based management to preserve nerve function and improve quality of life.