Periodontitis is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It develops when untreated gingivitis allows bacteria to migrate below the gum line, triggering sustained inflammation and tissue destruction. Periodontitis is a leading cause of tooth loss in adults and has been linked to systemic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and respiratory illness.

As periodontitis progresses, bacterial plaque and calculus accumulate in deep periodontal pockets, creating an environment that perpetuates infection. Patients may experience gum recession, bleeding gums, persistent bad breath, pus discharge, loose teeth, and changes in bite alignment. Pain is not always present, which often delays diagnosis until significant damage has occurred.

Risk factors for periodontitis include smoking, poor oral hygiene, genetic predisposition, diabetes, stress, and compromised immune function. Hormonal changes and certain medications may also influence disease progression. Because bone loss associated with periodontitis is irreversible, early diagnosis and long-term management are essential.

Treatment involves deep cleaning procedures such as scaling and root planing to remove bacteria from beneath the gums. Advanced cases may require periodontal surgery to reduce pocket depth, regenerate bone, or stabilize teeth. Maintenance therapy and strict oral hygiene are critical to controlling the disease and preventing recurrence.

With consistent care, periodontitis can be stabilized, preserving remaining teeth and improving both oral and systemic health outcomes.