Peri-implant disease is an inflammatory condition affecting the soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants. It encompasses two related conditions: peri-implant mucositis, which involves inflammation of the soft tissues without bone loss, and peri-implantitis, which includes progressive bone loss around the implant. If left untreated, peri-implant disease can compromise implant stability and ultimately result in implant failure.

The condition is primarily caused by bacterial plaque accumulation around implants, similar to gum disease around natural teeth. Risk factors include inadequate oral hygiene, smoking, uncontrolled diabetes, history of periodontal disease, and irregular professional maintenance. Because dental implants lack the same protective attachment as natural teeth, inflammation can progress rapidly once infection is established.

Early stages of peri-implant disease may present with redness, swelling, bleeding on probing, or discomfort around the implant site. Pain is often absent initially, allowing the condition to progress unnoticed. As the disease advances, patients may experience pus discharge, deepening pockets around the implant, bone loss visible on radiographs, and eventual implant mobility.

Diagnosis involves careful clinical assessment and imaging to evaluate soft tissue health and bone levels around the implant. Early detection is critical, as peri-implant mucositis is reversible when treated promptly, whereas peri-implantitis requires more complex intervention to prevent further bone loss.

Management focuses on infection control and risk factor modification. Professional cleaning, antimicrobial therapy, and reinforcement of oral hygiene practices are essential components of treatment. In advanced cases, surgical intervention may be required to access infected areas and stabilize the implant.

Long-term success of dental implants depends heavily on regular monitoring and maintenance. Early intervention, patient education, and consistent follow-up significantly improve implant longevity and overall oral health outcomes.