Pelvic organ prolapse is a condition in which one or more pelvic organs descend from their normal anatomical position due to weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and connective tissues. These organs may include the uterus, bladder, rectum, or vaginal vault, leading to a bulge or pressure sensation in the vagina. Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition, particularly among women who have had multiple vaginal deliveries, prolonged labor, large babies, or advancing age, and it can significantly affect physical comfort, urinary and bowel function, and quality of life.

Symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse vary depending on the type and severity of prolapse. Women may experience a sensation of vaginal fullness, pelvic pressure, visible or palpable bulging, difficulty emptying the bladder or bowels, urinary leakage, recurrent urinary tract infections, constipation, or discomfort during physical activity. Symptoms often worsen with prolonged standing, lifting, or straining and may improve when lying down.

Pelvic organ prolapse develops gradually as pelvic floor support structures weaken due to childbirth trauma, aging, hormonal changes, chronic increases in intra-abdominal pressure, obesity, or previous pelvic surgery. Menopause-related estrogen decline further contributes to tissue laxity, increasing the risk of prolapse progression.

Evaluation includes detailed clinical examination to assess the type and degree of prolapse, symptom severity, and associated bladder or bowel dysfunction. Accurate diagnosis is essential to differentiate between anterior, posterior, and apical prolapse and to guide appropriate management.

Management of pelvic organ prolapse is individualized based on symptom burden, prolapse severity, age, and patient preference. Conservative management may be appropriate for mild cases, while more advanced prolapse may require procedural or surgical intervention to restore pelvic anatomy and function.

Untreated pelvic organ prolapse can progressively worsen, leading to increased discomfort, urinary retention, bowel dysfunction, and impaired quality of life. With appropriate evaluation and treatment, symptoms can be effectively managed, pelvic support restored, and long-term outcomes significantly improved.