Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the upper female reproductive tract involving the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and surrounding pelvic structures. It most commonly results from ascending bacterial infection, often associated with sexually transmitted pathogens, though non-sexually transmitted organisms may also be involved. PID is a significant cause of chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.

Symptoms may range from mild pelvic discomfort to severe abdominal pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, painful intercourse, and irregular bleeding. In some cases, PID may be asymptomatic or present with subtle symptoms, increasing the risk of delayed diagnosis and long-term complications.

The inflammatory process leads to scarring and adhesions within the pelvic organs, which can impair tubal function and fertility. Recurrent or untreated PID significantly increases the risk of chronic pelvic pain and reproductive complications.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment supported by laboratory tests and imaging when required. Prompt treatment is essential to limit tissue damage and prevent long-term sequelae.

Management aims to eradicate infection, relieve symptoms, and prevent recurrence. Early intervention significantly improves outcomes, while delayed treatment may result in irreversible pelvic damage. Education on prevention and follow-up care is critical in reducing recurrence risk.

Pelvic inflammatory disease remains a serious gynecological condition with potential lifelong consequences if not managed appropriately.