Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop within or on the surface of the ovaries and are a common finding in women across all reproductive stages. Most ovarian cysts are benign and functional in nature, forming as part of the normal menstrual cycle. However, some cysts may persist, enlarge, or cause symptoms that require medical evaluation and management.

Functional cysts typically arise during ovulation and often resolve spontaneously without intervention. Other types of cysts include dermoid cysts, endometriomas, and cystadenomas, which may grow larger or cause complications. Symptoms depend on cyst size, type, and whether complications such as rupture, torsion, or hemorrhage occur.

Women with ovarian cysts may experience pelvic pain, bloating, menstrual irregularities, pain during intercourse, or pressure symptoms affecting the bladder or bowel. Acute severe pain may indicate complications such as ovarian torsion or cyst rupture, which require urgent medical attention.

Diagnosis involves pelvic examination and imaging, most commonly transvaginal ultrasound, to assess cyst characteristics. Additional investigations may be needed to differentiate benign from suspicious lesions, particularly in postmenopausal women or when imaging features are atypical.

Management depends on cyst size, appearance, symptoms, age, and reproductive goals. Many cysts can be safely monitored with periodic imaging, while persistent, symptomatic, or complex cysts may require medical or surgical management. Preservation of ovarian tissue and function is an important consideration, especially in women desiring future fertility.

Regular follow-up ensures timely detection of changes and appropriate intervention when required. With careful evaluation and management, most ovarian cysts can be treated effectively while minimizing complications and preserving reproductive health.