Oral ulcers are painful lesions that develop on the soft tissues inside the mouth, including the inner cheeks, lips, tongue, gums, floor of the mouth, and palate. They are a common condition affecting individuals of all ages and may occur as isolated episodes or as recurrent problems. While many oral ulcers are benign and self-limiting, persistent or frequently recurring ulcers may indicate underlying local or systemic conditions that require professional evaluation.

The most common type of oral ulcer is aphthous ulceration, often referred to as canker sores. These ulcers typically appear as small, round or oval lesions with a pale center and red border. Other causes include mechanical trauma from sharp teeth or dental appliances, accidental biting, nutritional deficiencies such as iron or vitamin B deficiencies, stress, hormonal changes, and immune-related disorders. Certain infections and medications can also contribute to ulcer formation.

Oral ulcers are often associated with significant discomfort, causing pain while eating, drinking, or speaking. Spicy, acidic, or hot foods may exacerbate symptoms, leading some individuals to alter their diet and oral hygiene habits. Severe or chronic ulcers can negatively affect nutrition, sleep, and quality of life. In children and older adults, pain from ulcers may be particularly distressing.

Diagnosis involves a thorough oral examination to assess the size, appearance, duration, and location of the ulcer. Dentists also evaluate potential sources of trauma, oral hygiene practices, and medical history. Ulcers that persist for more than two weeks, increase in size, or recur frequently may require further investigation to rule out systemic disease or pre-cancerous changes.

Management focuses on symptom relief and addressing the underlying cause. Treatment may include topical medications to reduce pain and inflammation, protective gels, correction of traumatic factors, and dietary guidance. Identifying and managing contributing conditions is essential for preventing recurrence. Most benign oral ulcers heal without scarring when managed appropriately.

Early evaluation of oral ulcers ensures timely relief, promotes healing, and helps identify conditions that may require further medical or dental care.