Glomerulonephritis refers to a group of kidney disorders characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the microscopic filtering units responsible for removing waste products and excess fluid from the blood. Glomerulonephritis is a major cause of both acute and chronic kidney disease and affects individuals of all ages. In the UAE, it represents a significant burden in nephrology practice due to its association with immune-mediated and systemic diseases.
The condition may be classified as primary, arising from intrinsic kidney pathology, or secondary, resulting from systemic conditions such as infections, autoimmune disorders, vasculitis, or metabolic diseases. Inflammation damages the glomerular filtration barrier, allowing blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine and impairing normal filtration.

Clinical presentation varies depending on the type and severity of glomerulonephritis. Patients may experience blood in the urine, frothy urine due to protein loss, swelling, hypertension, and declining kidney function. Some forms present acutely with rapid deterioration, while others progress slowly and silently over years before significant renal impairment becomes apparent.

Diagnosis involves a combination of urine testing, blood investigations, immunological markers, and imaging studies. Kidney biopsy is often required to determine the specific type of glomerulonephritis, assess disease activity, and guide treatment decisions. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, as therapeutic strategies vary widely among different subtypes.

Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, controlling inflammation, and protecting remaining kidney function. This may include immunosuppressive therapy in immune-mediated disease, blood pressure control, reduction of proteinuria, and supportive renal care. Close monitoring is required to assess response to treatment and detect complications.

Prognosis depends on the underlying pathology, severity at presentation, and response to therapy. Early nephrology involvement improves outcomes by slowing progression, reducing complications, and preventing transition to end-stage kidney disease. Long-term follow-up is essential, as relapse or progression may occur even after initial stabilization.