Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction characterized by fluctuating skeletal muscle weakness and fatigability. The condition results from autoantibodies targeting components of the postsynaptic membrane, leading to impaired neuromuscular transmission. Myasthenia gravis may affect ocular, bulbar, limb, and respiratory muscles and requires specialized neurological management.

Clinical presentation often begins with ocular symptoms such as ptosis and diplopia, which worsen with sustained activity and improve with rest. As the disease generalizes, patients may develop weakness of facial muscles, chewing and swallowing difficulty, slurred speech, proximal limb weakness, and respiratory compromise. Symptoms characteristically fluctuate throughout the day.

Neurological diagnosis relies on clinical features supported by antibody testing, electrophysiological studies, and response to pharmacological agents. Imaging of the mediastinum is performed to evaluate for thymic pathology, which is commonly associated with the disease.

Management focuses on improving neuromuscular transmission and suppressing the abnormal immune response. Treatment strategies are individualized based on disease severity, distribution of weakness, and response to therapy. Long-term monitoring is essential to adjust treatment and prevent complications.

Myasthenic crisis, characterized by severe respiratory or bulbar weakness, is a neurological emergency requiring intensive management. Early recognition and proactive disease control significantly reduce morbidity.

Myasthenia gravis is a lifelong condition requiring continuous neurological care, patient education, and close monitoring to maintain muscle strength and functional independence.