Menstrual disorders encompass a broad range of conditions that affect the regularity, frequency, duration, or volume of menstrual bleeding. These disorders are among the most common gynecological concerns across adolescence, reproductive years, and perimenopause. While some variations in menstrual cycles can be normal, persistent abnormalities often indicate underlying hormonal, structural, or systemic conditions that require medical evaluation.

Menstrual disorders may present as infrequent periods, excessively frequent cycles, prolonged bleeding, painful menstruation, or complete absence of menstruation. Hormonal imbalance is a leading cause, often related to disruptions in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. Conditions such as thyroid dysfunction, polycystic ovary syndrome, stress, excessive weight changes, and chronic illness can interfere with normal hormonal signaling and menstrual regulation.

Structural causes include uterine fibroids, endometrial polyps, adenomyosis, or congenital uterine anomalies. Infections and inflammatory conditions may also contribute to abnormal menstrual patterns. Certain medications, including anticoagulants and hormonal therapies, can alter bleeding patterns as well.

Evaluation of menstrual disorders requires careful assessment of cycle history, symptom severity, age, reproductive goals, and associated systemic symptoms. Investigations are directed toward identifying hormonal abnormalities, ruling out pregnancy, and assessing uterine and ovarian structure when indicated.

Management focuses on restoring normal menstrual function, relieving symptoms, preventing complications such as anemia, and addressing the underlying cause. Untreated menstrual disorders can significantly impact quality of life, productivity, emotional well-being, and long-term reproductive health.

With appropriate diagnosis and individualized management, most menstrual disorders can be effectively treated, allowing restoration of regular cycles and improved overall health.