Menopause marks the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the natural decline in ovarian hormone production. It is a significant physiological transition that typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55, though timing varies. Menopause is diagnosed retrospectively after twelve consecutive months without menstruation and is preceded by the perimenopausal phase, during which symptoms often begin.

Hormonal fluctuations during this transition lead to a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms. Common manifestations include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, mood changes, fatigue, vaginal dryness, reduced libido, and cognitive complaints such as difficulty concentrating. The severity and combination of symptoms vary widely among women.

Beyond symptomatic discomfort, menopause is associated with long-term health implications due to reduced estrogen levels. These include increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, urogenital atrophy, and metabolic changes. Early identification and management of menopausal symptoms can improve quality of life and reduce long-term health risks.

Evaluation includes clinical assessment of symptoms, menstrual history, and exclusion of other medical conditions that may mimic menopausal changes. Management focuses on symptom relief, prevention of complications, and overall health optimization.

Menopause is not a disease but a natural life stage. However, unmanaged symptoms can significantly impair daily functioning and emotional well-being. Individualized care allows women to navigate menopause comfortably while maintaining long-term health and vitality.