Malocclusion refers to improper alignment of the teeth or an abnormal relationship between the upper and lower jaws that affects how the teeth come together when biting or chewing. It is a common dental condition that can range from mild crowding or spacing to severe bite discrepancies involving jaw misalignment. Malocclusion may develop due to genetic factors, abnormal jaw growth, early or delayed loss of primary teeth, prolonged childhood habits such as thumb sucking or tongue thrusting, trauma, or missing teeth that allow neighboring teeth to drift.

Patients with malocclusion may experience functional, aesthetic, and oral health challenges. Difficulty chewing food efficiently is a common complaint, often accompanied by uneven tooth wear due to abnormal contact between teeth. Poor alignment can make brushing and flossing more difficult, increasing the risk of dental caries and gum disease. Over time, excessive stress on certain teeth and jaw muscles may contribute to jaw pain, headaches, and temporomandibular joint disorders.

Malocclusion can also affect speech clarity and facial appearance. Severe cases may result in protruding teeth, asymmetrical facial profile, or a recessed jaw, which can significantly impact self-confidence and social interactions. In children and adolescents, untreated malocclusion can worsen as the jaws continue to grow, making future correction more complex.

Diagnosis of malocclusion involves a comprehensive dental and orthodontic evaluation. This includes clinical examination, dental impressions or digital scans, photographs, and imaging studies to assess tooth position and jaw relationships. Early diagnosis is particularly important in children, as interceptive orthodontic treatment can guide jaw development and reduce the severity of malocclusion later in life.

Treatment options depend on the type and severity of malocclusion, as well as the patient’s age and overall oral health. Orthodontic braces and clear aligners are commonly used to reposition teeth and improve bite alignment. In growing patients, functional appliances may be used to guide jaw development. In severe skeletal discrepancies, combined orthodontic and surgical treatment may be required to achieve optimal results.

Correcting malocclusion improves chewing efficiency, reduces abnormal tooth wear, enhances oral hygiene, and contributes to long-term dental stability. Beyond functional benefits, orthodontic correction often leads to improved facial aesthetics and confidence. With proper diagnosis, timely intervention, and ongoing dental care, malocclusion can be effectively managed to support lifelong oral health.