Macular degeneration, medically referred to as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a chronic and progressive eye disease that affects the macula, the central portion of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed, and color vision. The macula plays a crucial role in activities such as reading, driving, recognizing faces, and performing fine visual tasks. When macular function deteriorates, central vision becomes blurred or distorted, while peripheral vision is usually preserved.

Macular degeneration is most commonly associated with aging and typically affects individuals over the age of 50. There are two primary forms of the condition: dry (atrophic) macular degeneration and wet (neovascular) macular degeneration. Dry macular degeneration is the more common form and is characterized by gradual thinning of the macula and accumulation of drusen, which are yellow deposits under the retina. This form progresses slowly and may remain stable for years. Wet macular degeneration, though less common, is more severe and occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid or blood, leading to rapid vision loss.

Risk factors for macular degeneration include increasing age, genetic predisposition, smoking, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity, prolonged ultraviolet exposure, and poor dietary habits. Individuals with a family history of AMD are at significantly higher risk and require regular screening.

Symptoms often develop gradually and may include blurred or hazy central vision, difficulty reading or seeing fine details, distortion of straight lines (metamorphopsia), reduced contrast sensitivity, and dark or empty areas in the center of vision. Because peripheral vision remains intact, patients may not immediately recognize the severity of vision loss until daily activities become challenging.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye examination with dilated retinal evaluation. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a key diagnostic tool that provides high-resolution images of the macula, allowing detection of fluid, thinning, or structural damage. Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography may be used to assess abnormal blood vessel growth in wet AMD.

Management depends on the type and stage of the disease. Dry macular degeneration has no cure, but progression may be slowed through lifestyle modifications, nutritional supplementation based on AREDS formulations, smoking cessation, and regular monitoring. Wet macular degeneration is treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections that help control abnormal blood vessel growth and reduce fluid leakage. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical in preserving remaining vision.

Macular degeneration significantly impacts quality of life, but with early detection, appropriate treatment, and ongoing care, many patients can maintain functional independence and visual performance.