Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide and represents a major oncology burden due to its aggressive nature and late-stage presentation. It originates in the tissues of the lungs, most commonly in the cells lining the airways, and is strongly associated with smoking, although non-smokers may also develop lung cancer due to environmental exposure, genetics, or occupational hazards.

Lung cancer is broadly classified into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC accounts for the majority of cases and includes adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC is less common but more aggressive, often spreading rapidly at the time of diagnosis. Symptoms may include persistent cough, chest pain, breathlessness, weight loss, fatigue, coughing up blood, or recurrent respiratory infections.

Medical oncology plays a pivotal role in the treatment of lung cancer across all disease stages. For early-stage disease, systemic therapy may be used before or after surgery to reduce recurrence risk. In locally advanced and metastatic lung cancer, medical oncology becomes the cornerstone of care, focusing on disease control, symptom relief, and survival extension.

Chemotherapy has long been a standard treatment for lung cancer, particularly for advanced stages. In recent years, targeted therapy has revolutionized lung cancer care by identifying specific genetic mutations such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and others. These therapies precisely block cancer growth pathways and are associated with improved response rates and fewer side effects compared to conventional chemotherapy.

Immunotherapy has further transformed lung cancer outcomes by enabling the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are now widely used in both first-line and subsequent treatment settings for eligible patients. Many treatment plans involve a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, tailored to tumor biology and patient factors.

Advanced diagnostic techniques, including molecular profiling and biomarker testing, are essential in guiding lung cancer treatment decisions. Regular imaging and clinical assessment help oncologists evaluate treatment response and adjust therapy as needed. For patients with advanced disease, supportive oncology care addresses pain, breathlessness, fatigue, and nutritional needs, ensuring quality of life is maintained alongside active treatment.

In Dubai and the UAE, lung cancer treatment follows evidence-based international protocols and emphasizes personalized oncology care. A multidisciplinary oncology team ensures seamless coordination between diagnosis, systemic therapy, radiation, and supportive services. Early detection, smoking cessation programs, and timely access to advanced medical oncology treatments remain key to improving lung cancer outcomes.