Liver cancer, most commonly hepatocellular carcinoma, arises from liver cells and is often associated with underlying chronic liver disease. Conditions such as hepatitis B or C infection, cirrhosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and excessive alcohol consumption significantly increase the risk of developing liver cancer. Due to the liver’s regenerative capacity and silent disease progression, liver cancer is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage.

Early-stage liver cancer may cause no symptoms, while advanced disease can present with abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, fatigue, abdominal swelling, or gastrointestinal bleeding. Medical oncology is essential in managing liver cancer, particularly when surgery or local therapies are not feasible.

Systemic therapy forms the cornerstone of treatment for advanced and inoperable liver cancer. Targeted therapies have significantly improved outcomes by inhibiting cancer growth pathways and tumor blood supply. Immunotherapy has further transformed liver cancer care by enhancing the body’s immune response against cancer cells, offering improved survival and disease control in selected patients.

Treatment planning in liver cancer requires careful consideration of both tumor burden and underlying liver function. Medical oncologists tailor therapy based on disease stage, liver reserve, and patient performance status. Regular monitoring is essential to balance treatment efficacy with liver safety.

For patients with advanced disease, medical oncology focuses on prolonging survival, controlling symptoms, and preserving quality of life. Supportive care addresses pain, fatigue, nutritional needs, and complications related to liver dysfunction. Multidisciplinary coordination ensures integration with hepatology, interventional radiology, and palliative care services.

In the UAE, liver cancer management follows global standards with access to advanced systemic therapies and comprehensive supportive care. Early detection in high-risk populations and timely referral to medical oncology remain key factors in improving outcomes.