ICU delirium and agitation are common and serious complications in critically ill patients, characterized by acute disturbances in attention, awareness, and cognition. These conditions are associated with prolonged ICU stay, increased mortality, long-term cognitive impairment, and higher healthcare costs. Delirium may present as hyperactive agitation, hypoactive withdrawal, or a mixed pattern, all requiring careful ICU management.

Contributing factors include severe illness, infection, metabolic disturbances, medications, sleep deprivation, and prolonged mechanical ventilation. Agitated patients are at risk of self-harm, accidental removal of life-support devices, and delayed recovery. ICU care aims to identify reversible causes and provide safe, effective management.

Management focuses on optimizing the environment, minimizing sedative exposure, correcting underlying medical issues, and ensuring adequate pain control. Continuous monitoring allows early detection and intervention. Pharmacological treatment is used judiciously when non-drug measures are insufficient.

Preventing ICU delirium is a major focus of modern critical care, as early intervention improves outcomes and reduces long-term complications