Hearing loss is a common yet often underestimated medical condition that affects individuals of all ages, from newborns to the elderly. It refers to a partial or complete inability to hear sounds in one or both ears and can significantly impact communication, social interaction, education, and overall quality of life. Early recognition and appropriate ENT evaluation are essential to prevent long-term consequences.

Hearing loss is broadly classified into three main types: conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound waves are blocked from reaching the inner ear due to conditions affecting the ear canal, eardrum, or middle ear. Common causes include ear wax impaction, middle ear infections, fluid accumulation, or ossicular chain abnormalities. Sensorineural hearing loss results from damage to the inner ear structures or auditory nerve and is often permanent. Causes include age-related degeneration, noise exposure, infections, genetic factors, and certain medications. Mixed hearing loss involves components of both types.

Symptoms vary depending on severity and cause. Individuals may experience difficulty understanding speech, especially in noisy environments, frequently asking others to repeat themselves, turning up volume levels, or feeling socially withdrawn. In children, hearing loss may present as delayed speech development, poor academic performance, or inattentiveness.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive ENT examination and specialized hearing tests such as pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry. These tests help determine the type and degree of hearing loss and guide appropriate treatment planning.

Management depends on the underlying cause. Conductive hearing loss may be reversible with medical or surgical treatment, such as infection control, wax removal, or corrective ear surgery. Sensorineural hearing loss is typically managed with hearing aids, assistive listening devices, or cochlear implants in severe cases. Rehabilitation and auditory training play a vital role in improving communication outcomes.

Untreated hearing loss is associated with social isolation, depression, cognitive decline, and reduced work productivity. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment significantly improve functional hearing and quality of life.