Head and neck masses refer to abnormal swellings occurring in the neck, jaw, face, or throat region and represent a broad spectrum of conditions. These masses may be inflammatory, infectious, congenital, or neoplastic in origin. While many head and neck masses are benign, persistent or unexplained masses in adults must be evaluated urgently to exclude malignancy.

In children, head and neck masses are most commonly reactive lymph nodes or congenital cysts. In adults, especially those over 40 years of age, malignancy becomes a significant concern, particularly when masses are painless, firm, progressively enlarging, or associated with voice changes, difficulty swallowing, or unexplained weight loss. Risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and certain viral infections.

Clinical evaluation by an ENT specialist involves a detailed history and thorough examination of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal passages, ears, and neck. Flexible endoscopy may be performed to assess deeper structures. Imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI are used to determine the extent and nature of the mass. Tissue diagnosis through fine needle aspiration or biopsy is often necessary for definitive diagnosis.

Management varies based on the underlying cause. Inflammatory and infectious masses may resolve with appropriate medical therapy. Benign tumors may require surgical removal for symptom relief or diagnostic confirmation. Malignant head and neck tumors require a multidisciplinary approach involving surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.

Early detection through ENT evaluation significantly improves treatment success and functional outcomes.