Gingivitis is an early and reversible form of gum disease characterized by inflammation of the gingival tissues surrounding the teeth. It develops primarily due to the accumulation of dental plaque along the gum line when oral hygiene practices are inadequate. Gingivitis is extremely common and often underestimated because it may cause minimal discomfort in its early stages, allowing the condition to progress unnoticed without routine dental evaluation.

The most common signs of gingivitis include red, swollen, or tender gums, bleeding during brushing or flossing, persistent bad breath, and gum sensitivity. These symptoms result from the body’s inflammatory response to bacterial toxins present in plaque. Although gingivitis does not initially cause bone loss or permanent damage, failure to treat it can allow the disease to advance into periodontitis, a more serious and irreversible condition.

Several factors increase susceptibility to gingivitis. Poor brushing and flossing habits are the primary contributors, but smoking, hormonal changes during pregnancy or puberty, diabetes, stress, immune system disorders, and certain medications can significantly increase risk. Orthodontic appliances, poorly fitting dental restorations, and crowded teeth may also trap plaque and exacerbate gum inflammation.

Diagnosis of gingivitis is typically made during a dental examination, where the dentist assesses gum color, texture, swelling, and bleeding tendency. Early detection is critical, as gingivitis responds well to treatment when addressed promptly. Left untreated, chronic inflammation weakens the supporting tissues of the teeth and sets the stage for periodontal disease.

Treatment of gingivitis focuses on removing plaque and tartar through professional dental cleaning, including scaling and polishing. Patients are educated on proper brushing techniques, daily flossing, and the use of antimicrobial mouth rinses when indicated. In most cases, gums return to a healthy state within weeks of consistent care.

Preventing gingivitis requires ongoing attention to oral hygiene and regular dental visits. Routine professional cleanings, lifestyle modifications such as smoking cessation, and early intervention protect gum health and prevent progression to advanced periodontal disease. Maintaining healthy gums is essential not only for oral health but also for overall systemic wellbeing.