Stomach disorders requiring surgical management range from benign conditions such as peptic ulcer disease and gastric outlet obstruction to complex malignant diseases including gastric cancer. Surgical intervention is indicated when disease leads to obstruction, bleeding, perforation, malignancy, or failure of non-surgical management. Gastric surgery plays a critical role in symptom relief, disease control, and long-term survival in appropriately selected patients.

Peptic ulcer disease may progress to complications such as recurrent bleeding, perforation, or obstruction of gastric outflow. Gastric outlet obstruction presents with early satiety, vomiting, abdominal distension, and significant nutritional compromise. Surgical intervention restores gastric emptying, prevents further complications, and improves nutritional status.

Gastric cancer remains a major global health challenge and often presents with non-specific symptoms such as persistent abdominal pain, unexplained weight loss, anemia, nausea, or early satiety. Early-stage disease may be asymptomatic, highlighting the importance of timely evaluation and screening in high-risk individuals. Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of curative treatment.

Gastric surgery may involve partial gastrectomy or total gastrectomy depending on tumor location, extent, and functional considerations. Lymph node clearance is an integral part of oncologic surgery to ensure appropriate staging and disease control. Advances in laparoscopic and minimally invasive gastric surgery have significantly improved recovery time, reduced postoperative discomfort, and minimized hospital stay without compromising surgical outcomes.

Benign gastric tumors, recurrent ulcer disease, and selected functional disorders may also require surgical intervention to prevent complications and improve quality of life. Surgical planning is guided by endoscopic findings, imaging studies, nutritional assessment, and multidisciplinary discussion.

Postoperative care focuses on nutritional rehabilitation, gradual restoration of oral intake, and long-term surveillance where indicated. Patient education and structured follow-up are essential to ensure optimal recovery and early detection of recurrence or complications.

With modern surgical techniques and comprehensive perioperative care, gastric surgery offers effective disease control, symptom relief, and improved long-term outcomes for both benign and malignant stomach disorders.