The spleen plays an important role in blood filtration, immune regulation, and platelet storage. While many splenic conditions can be managed conservatively, surgical intervention becomes necessary in selected cases involving splenomegaly, traumatic injury, hypersplenism, cysts, abscesses, and hematological malignancies. Splenic surgery requires careful planning due to the spleen’s vascular nature and its role in immune function.

Splenomegaly, or enlargement of the spleen, may occur secondary to hematological disorders, liver disease, infections, or malignancies such as lymphoma and leukemia. In some patients, an enlarged spleen causes abdominal discomfort, early satiety, cytopenias due to hypersplenism, or increased risk of rupture. Surgical removal is considered when splenic enlargement leads to significant symptoms or complications.

Traumatic splenic injury is a common cause for emergency surgical intervention, particularly following blunt abdominal trauma. While spleen-preserving strategies are preferred when feasible, surgery becomes necessary in cases of uncontrolled bleeding or splenic rupture to stabilize the patient and prevent life-threatening hemorrhage.

Splenic surgery is also indicated in certain hematological malignancies and immune-mediated conditions when the spleen contributes to disease progression or treatment resistance. In benign conditions such as splenic cysts or abscesses, surgery is performed to prevent rupture, infection spread, or recurrence.

Laparoscopic splenectomy has become the preferred approach for most elective cases due to reduced postoperative pain, minimal scarring, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery. Open splenectomy is reserved for complex cases, massive splenomegaly, or emergency situations.

Preoperative assessment includes detailed imaging to evaluate splenic size, vascular anatomy, and associated pathology. Surgical planning emphasizes patient safety, bleeding control, and preservation of surrounding structures.

Postoperative care focuses on early mobilization, monitoring for complications, and long-term follow-up. When performed in specialized centers, splenic surgery offers excellent outcomes with significant symptom relief and improved quality of life.