Liver diseases requiring surgical intervention include benign tumors, malignant primary liver cancers, metastatic liver disease, cystic lesions, traumatic injuries, and complex biliary conditions. Hepatobiliary surgery demands advanced expertise due to the liver’s complex vascular anatomy and vital metabolic functions. Surgical management aims to remove diseased tissue while preserving adequate functional liver volume.

Benign liver lesions such as hemangiomas, adenomas, and cysts may require surgery when symptomatic, enlarging, or associated with risk of complications. Malignant liver tumors include hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, as well as metastases commonly originating from colorectal cancer. Surgical resection remains the most effective curative option in appropriately selected patients.

Patients with liver tumors may present with abdominal discomfort, weight loss, jaundice, or may be diagnosed incidentally during imaging. Preoperative assessment includes detailed imaging using ultrasound, CT, or MRI to determine tumor size, location, vascular involvement, and residual liver volume. Functional liver assessment is critical to ensure postoperative safety.

Surgical procedures include segmental liver resection, lobectomy, or extended hepatectomy depending on disease extent. Minimally invasive liver surgery is increasingly utilized for suitable lesions, offering reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stay, and faster recovery without compromising oncologic outcomes.

Liver trauma resulting from blunt or penetrating injury may require emergency surgical intervention to control bleeding and preserve liver function. In selected cases, surgical management is combined with interventional radiology for optimal outcomes.

Postoperative management emphasizes liver function monitoring, prevention of complications, and long-term surveillance for recurrence in malignant conditions. Multidisciplinary collaboration between surgeons, radiologists, and oncologists is essential for optimal patient outcomes.

Modern hepatobiliary surgery combines precision, safety, and advanced technology to manage complex liver diseases effectively while maintaining quality of life and long-term survival.