Colorectal disorders encompass a wide range of benign, inflammatory, and malignant conditions affecting the colon, rectum, and anal canal. Surgical intervention plays a central role in managing colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, complicated diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), large polyps, bowel obstruction, perforation, and severe bleeding. Early diagnosis and timely surgery significantly improve outcomes, particularly in oncological conditions.

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Patients may present with altered bowel habits, rectal bleeding, anemia, abdominal pain, bowel obstruction, or unexplained weight loss. Preventive screening through colonoscopy enables early detection of precancerous polyps and early-stage cancers, allowing curative surgical intervention. Surgical procedures are tailored based on tumor location, stage, and patient factors, with emphasis on complete oncologic clearance and preservation of bowel function.

Rectal cancer surgery requires specialized expertise due to the anatomical complexity of the pelvis. Surgical approaches focus on complete tumor removal while preserving continence and sexual function whenever feasible. Minimally invasive and sphincter-preserving techniques are increasingly used in suitable cases, reducing recovery time and improving quality of life.

Diverticular disease may progress from uncomplicated inflammation to abscess formation, fistulas, perforation, or recurrent infections requiring surgical management. Inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, may require surgery for complications such as strictures, fistulas, bleeding, or cancer risk after long-standing disease.

Colorectal surgery includes procedures such as segmental colectomy, total colectomy, proctocolectomy, low anterior resection, and abdominoperineal resection, performed using open, laparoscopic, or robotic techniques depending on disease complexity. Surgical planning involves thorough endoscopic evaluation, cross-sectional imaging, and multidisciplinary discussion.

Postoperative care focuses on early mobilization, bowel function recovery, nutritional optimization, and long-term surveillance. Modern colorectal surgery aims not only to treat disease effectively but also to preserve function, reduce complications, and improve long-term survival and quality of life.