Anal and perianal conditions are common surgical problems that can significantly affect comfort, continence, and quality of life. These conditions include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, anal fistulas, perianal abscesses, pilonidal sinus disease, and complex perianal infections. Surgical intervention is often required when symptoms are persistent, recurrent, or associated with complications.

Hemorrhoids, commonly referred to as piles, develop due to enlargement of anal vascular cushions and may cause bleeding, pain, prolapse, and hygiene difficulties. While early disease may be managed conservatively, advanced or recurrent hemorrhoids often require surgical correction to provide durable symptom relief.

Anal fissures are painful tears in the anal canal lining that may become chronic, leading to persistent pain and sphincter spasm. Surgical intervention aims to relieve symptoms, promote healing, and prevent recurrence while preserving sphincter function.

Anal fistulas result from abnormal connections between the anal canal and perianal skin, often following infection or abscess formation. Complex fistulas require meticulous surgical planning to eradicate disease while protecting continence. Recurrent or high fistulas may necessitate staged or advanced reconstructive procedures.

Pilonidal sinus disease involves chronic infection and sinus formation in the sacrococcygeal region, commonly affecting young adults. Surgical treatment focuses on complete disease removal and prevention of recurrence.

Preoperative evaluation includes careful clinical examination and imaging when required to define anatomy and disease extent. Surgical techniques range from minimally invasive procedures to more complex reconstructive operations depending on condition severity.

Postoperative care emphasizes wound management, pain control, hygiene education, and follow-up to reduce recurrence risk. With appropriate surgical expertise, anal and perianal procedures offer excellent outcomes, symptom resolution, and restoration of daily function.