Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colon and rectum, characterized by continuous inflammation of the inner lining of the large intestine. Unlike Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis does not involve the full thickness of the bowel wall and is limited to the colon.

Patients commonly present with chronic diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal cramping, urgency, and fatigue. The disease typically follows a relapsing-remitting course, with periods of symptom flare-ups and remission. Severity varies widely, from mild localized disease to extensive inflammation affecting the entire colon.

Long-standing ulcerative colitis is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, particularly in patients with extensive disease or prolonged duration. Regular surveillance and early detection of complications are therefore critical.

Diagnosis is established through colonoscopy with biopsy, supported by laboratory and imaging studies. Management focuses on controlling inflammation, maintaining remission, and improving quality of life. Nutritional support and patient education are essential components of long-term care. In severe or treatment-resistant cases, surgical management may be necessary.