Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a chronic condition in which gastric contents reflux into the esophagus, leading to persistent irritation and inflammation of the esophageal lining. The condition arises primarily from dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which fails to maintain an adequate barrier between the stomach and esophagus. Factors such as obesity, hiatal hernia, pregnancy, smoking, poor posture after meals, and certain dietary patterns significantly increase reflux episodes.

Clinically, GERD presents with heartburn, regurgitation, chest discomfort, bloating, and upper abdominal fullness. Symptoms frequently worsen after meals, during bending, or when lying down. Extra-esophageal manifestations are common and include chronic cough, throat clearing, hoarseness, sore throat, dental erosion, and asthma-like symptoms. Nocturnal reflux is particularly concerning as it is associated with mucosal injury and sleep disruption.

Chronic untreated GERD can progress to erosive esophagitis, peptic strictures, Barrett’s esophagus, and an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Alarm symptoms such as dysphagia, unexplained weight loss, anemia, or gastrointestinal bleeding warrant urgent evaluation.

Diagnosis is based on clinical assessment and supported by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients with persistent or complicated symptoms. Functional testing may be advised in selected cases. Management emphasizes lifestyle modification, dietary optimization, weight control, posture correction, and reflux-preventive strategies. Patients with persistent symptoms or complications may require advanced endoscopic evaluation and interventional anti-reflux solutions, including surgical management when indicated.