Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that form in the gallbladder, a small organ beneath the liver responsible for storing bile used in digestion. Gallstones vary in size and composition and may remain asymptomatic for long periods. However, when stones obstruct the bile ducts, they can disrupt bile flow and lead to significant symptoms and complications.

Patients with symptomatic gallstones commonly experience biliary colic, characterized by sudden, severe pain in the right upper abdomen that may radiate to the back or right shoulder. Associated symptoms include nausea, vomiting, bloating, indigestion, and intolerance to fatty foods. If obstruction persists, patients may develop jaundice, fever, or signs of infection, indicating more serious biliary disease.

Biliary disorders also include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), bile duct obstruction, and functional disorders affecting bile flow. Risk factors include obesity, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, metabolic conditions, and certain dietary patterns.

Diagnosis is typically established using abdominal ultrasound. In selected cases, advanced imaging is used to evaluate bile ducts and surrounding structures. Management depends on symptom severity and risk of complications. Asymptomatic gallstones may be monitored, while symptomatic disease often requires definitive intervention. Dietary counseling and long-term follow-up are essential to prevent recurrence and digestive complications.