Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, most commonly the small intestine and colon. The condition is characterized by transmural inflammation, meaning it affects the full thickness of the bowel wall, which can lead to complications beyond the intestinal lining.

Symptoms vary depending on disease location and severity and commonly include abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and anemia. Disease activity often follows a relapsing-remitting pattern, with periods of flare-ups and remission. Complications may include strictures, fistulas, abscesses, and nutritional deficiencies.

The exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown, but it is believed to involve immune system dysregulation, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. Diagnosis is established through a combination of endoscopy, imaging, histology, and laboratory evaluation.

Management focuses on controlling inflammation, maintaining remission, preventing complications, and preserving bowel function. Nutritional support and regular monitoring are integral components of care. In selected cases, surgical intervention may be required to manage complications or refractory disease. Long-term follow-up is essential to optimize outcomes and quality of life.