Celiac disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which ingestion of gluten triggers an immune-mediated injury to the lining of the small intestine. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. In affected individuals, immune activation leads to villous atrophy, reducing the intestine’s ability to absorb nutrients effectively.

Symptoms vary widely and may include chronic diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, weight loss, anemia, fatigue, and nutrient deficiencies. Some patients present with non-gastrointestinal manifestations such as osteoporosis, infertility, neurological symptoms, or skin rashes. Children with celiac disease may experience growth failure and delayed puberty. Importantly, some individuals remain minimally symptomatic, delaying diagnosis.

Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation supported by specific blood tests and confirmation through small intestinal biopsy. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent long-term complications such as malnutrition, bone disease, and increased risk of intestinal malignancy.

Management requires lifelong dietary modification with strict avoidance of gluten. Nutritional assessment and long-term follow-up are essential to monitor intestinal healing, symptom resolution, and prevention of complications. Patient education plays a central role in successful long-term outcomes.