Acid reflux occurs when acidic stomach contents move into the esophagus, producing a burning sensation known as heartburn. While occasional reflux episodes are common, frequent or persistent symptoms may indicate an underlying reflux disorder that requires medical evaluation.

Common triggers include large meals, lying down soon after eating, spicy or acidic foods, carbonated beverages, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and stress. In addition to heartburn, patients may experience sour taste in the mouth, excessive burping, bloating, throat irritation, chest discomfort, or chronic cough. These symptoms may mimic cardiac pain and should be carefully assessed.

Repeated exposure of the esophagus to acidic contents can result in mucosal inflammation and tissue injury. Over time, untreated reflux may progress to esophagitis, strictures, or other complications, affecting quality of life and sleep.

Assessment focuses on symptom patterns, lifestyle factors, and identification of triggers. Management emphasizes non-pharmacological strategies such as portion control, avoiding late meals, improving sleep positioning, weight management, and dietary modification. Patients with persistent, severe, or atypical symptoms may undergo further evaluation to exclude complications or alternate diagnoses.