Ptosis is an eyelid disorder characterized by drooping of the upper eyelid, which may affect one or both eyes. The condition occurs when the muscles responsible for lifting the eyelid, particularly the levator muscle, are weak, damaged, or improperly developed. Ptosis can be present at birth (congenital ptosis) or develop later in life (acquired ptosis) and can range from mild drooping to complete obstruction of the visual axis.

Congenital ptosis is usually caused by improper development of the levator muscle and may be associated with other eye movement disorders. Acquired ptosis can result from aging, nerve damage, muscle diseases, trauma, long-term contact lens use, or neurological conditions such as stroke or myasthenia gravis. In older adults, age-related stretching of eyelid tissues is a common cause.

Symptoms depend on severity and age of onset. Mild ptosis may cause cosmetic concerns, while severe ptosis can interfere with vision, leading to blurred vision, eye strain, headaches, and abnormal head posture such as chin elevation to compensate for blocked vision. In children, untreated ptosis can lead to amblyopia due to deprivation of visual input.

Diagnosis involves a detailed eye and eyelid examination assessing eyelid position, muscle strength, symmetry, and eye movements. Additional tests may be required to rule out underlying neurological or muscular causes, especially in acquired cases.

Treatment depends on the cause and impact on vision. Mild cases may only require observation, while significant ptosis affecting vision or causing amblyopia requires surgical correction. Ptosis surgery aims to elevate the eyelid to a normal position, improve vision, and achieve facial symmetry. In children, early surgical intervention is often recommended to prevent visual development problems.

Ptosis is a manageable condition, and with proper diagnosis and treatment, patients can achieve improved vision, comfort, and appearance. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor outcomes and detect recurrence or associated conditions.