Eye trauma refers to any injury to the eye or surrounding structures caused by physical, chemical, or penetrating forces. It is a significant cause of visual impairment worldwide and can affect individuals of all ages, from children during play to adults in occupational, domestic, or road-related accidents. Eye injuries range from minor surface abrasions to severe globe rupture and vision-threatening damage, making prompt evaluation and appropriate management critical.

Eye trauma can be broadly categorized into blunt trauma, penetrating or perforating injuries, chemical injuries, and thermal or radiation injuries. Blunt trauma occurs when a forceful impact, such as from a ball, fist, or airbag, strikes the eye, potentially causing bruising, internal bleeding, retinal detachment, or optic nerve damage. Penetrating injuries result from sharp objects such as metal fragments, glass, or tools entering the eye and carry a high risk of infection and permanent vision loss. Chemical injuries, commonly caused by acids or alkalis, are true emergencies as they can rapidly damage the ocular surface and deeper tissues. Thermal and radiation injuries may result from burns, fireworks, welding arcs, or exposure to intense heat or light.

Symptoms of eye trauma vary depending on the type and severity of injury. They may include eye pain, redness, swelling, blurred or decreased vision, sensitivity to light, tearing, bleeding, visible wounds, or changes in pupil shape. In some cases, especially with blunt trauma, serious internal damage may occur even if external signs appear mild. Children and individuals with communication difficulties may not report symptoms clearly, increasing the risk of delayed diagnosis.

Diagnosis of eye trauma requires a thorough and systematic eye examination by an ophthalmologist. This includes assessment of visual acuity, pupil reactions, eye movements, intraocular pressure (when safe to measure), and detailed examination of the anterior and posterior segments. Imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scans may be necessary to evaluate internal structures, detect foreign bodies, or assess orbital fractures.

Management depends on the nature and severity of the injury. Minor injuries may be treated with medications, protective measures, and close observation. More severe trauma often requires urgent surgical intervention to repair damaged tissues, remove foreign bodies, or restore structural integrity. Chemical injuries demand immediate and copious irrigation even before hospital evaluation. Long-term follow-up is essential to monitor for complications such as infection, glaucoma, cataract formation, or retinal damage.

Eye trauma is largely preventable through the use of protective eyewear, workplace safety measures, and awareness. Early intervention and specialized care play a crucial role in preserving vision and preventing permanent disability following ocular injury.