Eye allergies, medically known as allergic conjunctivitis, are a common inflammatory condition of the eyes caused by an exaggerated immune response to allergens. When the eyes are exposed to substances such as pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, or environmental pollutants, the immune system releases histamines and other inflammatory mediators. These chemicals lead to irritation and inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and inner eyelids.

Eye allergies can occur as a standalone condition or alongside other allergic disorders such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, or eczema. They are broadly classified into seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, which occurs during specific pollen seasons, and perennial allergic conjunctivitis, which persists year-round due to constant exposure to indoor allergens. Less common but more severe forms include vernal keratoconjunctivitis and atopic keratoconjunctivitis, which may affect the cornea and cause long-term complications if not properly managed.

Symptoms of eye allergies can range from mild to severe and often affect both eyes. Common complaints include intense itching, redness, watery discharge, swelling of the eyelids, burning sensation, and light sensitivity. Vision is usually not permanently affected, but excessive tearing and swelling can cause temporary blurring. A key distinguishing feature of allergic eye disease is itching, which is less prominent in infections.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical and based on patient history and examination findings. The presence of bilateral symptoms, seasonal recurrence, and association with nasal allergies supports the diagnosis. In chronic or severe cases, additional tests may be required to rule out other inflammatory or infectious conditions.

Management focuses on allergen avoidance, symptom relief, and prevention of recurrence. Artificial tears help dilute allergens on the eye surface, while cold compresses reduce inflammation. Medicated eye drops such as antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, and anti-inflammatory agents are commonly prescribed. In severe cases, short-term corticosteroid eye drops may be used under close supervision. Treating associated nasal allergies also plays a crucial role in controlling eye symptoms.

With appropriate treatment and lifestyle modifications, eye allergies can be effectively controlled. Early intervention helps prevent complications such as chronic irritation, corneal involvement, and reduced quality of life, allowing patients to maintain comfort and visual clarity.