Dry eye disease is a common and often chronic condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the quality of tears is inadequate to properly lubricate and protect the ocular surface. Tears play a critical role in maintaining eye comfort, visual clarity, and overall eye health by nourishing the cornea, washing away debris, and protecting against infections. When the tear film becomes unstable, it can lead to inflammation, irritation, and damage to the surface of the eye.

Dry eye disease can be broadly classified into two main types: aqueous-deficient dry eye, where the lacrimal glands fail to produce sufficient tears, and evaporative dry eye, where tears evaporate too quickly due to poor tear quality, often linked to meibomian gland dysfunction. Many patients experience a combination of both forms. Environmental factors such as prolonged screen use, air conditioning, low humidity, and exposure to dust or smoke can significantly worsen symptoms. Hormonal changes, aging, autoimmune diseases like Sjögren’s syndrome, diabetes, thyroid disorders, contact lens wear, refractive surgery, and certain medications including antihistamines and antidepressants are also known contributors.

Symptoms of dry eye disease vary in severity and may fluctuate throughout the day. Common complaints include dryness, burning, stinging, redness, foreign body sensation, excessive tearing (a reflex response to dryness), light sensitivity, eye fatigue, and blurred or fluctuating vision. Symptoms often worsen during prolonged visual tasks such as reading, computer work, or driving. If left untreated, chronic dry eye can damage the corneal surface, increase the risk of infections, and significantly reduce quality of life.

Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye evaluation focusing on tear quantity, tear quality, and ocular surface health. Tests may include tear break-up time, Schirmer’s test, ocular surface staining, and assessment of the eyelid margins and meibomian glands. Advanced diagnostic tools can also measure tear osmolarity and inflammation markers to better understand disease severity.

Management of dry eye disease is typically long-term and individualized. Treatment options range from lifestyle modifications and artificial tear supplements to prescription anti-inflammatory eye drops, lubricating gels, and ointments. Management of meibomian gland dysfunction through warm compresses, lid hygiene, and in-office procedures may be necessary. In more severe cases, punctal plugs, autologous serum eye drops, or advanced surface therapies may be recommended.

Dry eye disease is not merely a discomfort condition but a chronic ocular surface disorder that requires early recognition and consistent management. With appropriate treatment and regular follow-up, symptoms can be effectively controlled, preventing complications and improving visual comfort and daily functioning.