Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder characterized by loss of skin pigmentation due to destruction or dysfunction of melanocytes. It presents as well-defined white or depigmented patches that may affect any part of the body, including the face, hands, feet, scalp, and mucous membranes. Vitiligo can occur at any age and affects individuals of all skin types.

The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve immune-mediated mechanisms, genetic predisposition, and environmental triggers. The condition may be localized, segmental, or generalized and often follows an unpredictable course with periods of stability and progression.

While vitiligo does not cause physical discomfort, it can have a profound psychological and social impact, particularly when visible areas are involved. Patients may experience emotional distress, reduced self-confidence, and social anxiety.

Dermatological evaluation includes assessment of vitiligo type, extent, distribution, and progression pattern. Early diagnosis is important to guide management and set realistic expectations regarding outcomes.

Management focuses on stabilizing disease progression, improving cosmetic appearance, and supporting skin health. Long-term follow-up is essential, as vitiligo is a chronic condition requiring ongoing care and monitoring.

Patient education is a critical component of vitiligo management, helping individuals understand the condition, avoid aggravating factors, and maintain skin protection. With structured dermatological care, many patients achieve improved cosmetic outcomes and enhanced quality of life.